| (a) | Seed ferns are common ancestors for Gnetales and cycads. | 
| (b) | Zosterophyllum are avascular land plants that evolved in the Silurian period. | 
| (c) | Lycopods are the oldest extant vascular land plants. | 
| (d) | Sphenopsids evolved from the group of plants to which Psilophyton belongs. | 
| Statement A: | Similarities in proteins and genes among diverse organisms indicates common ancestry. | 
| Statement B: | Humans and chimpanzees also show biochemical similarities. | 
| 1. | Pre-existing advantageous mutations when selected will result in observation of new phenotypes | 
| 2. | Exposure to antibiotics causes mutation that confer antibiotic resistance | 
| 3. | Mutations are directional variations | 
| 4. | All antibiotic resistant bacteria which exist today are result of artificial selection | 
| Assertion (A): | Big bang theory says that the universe is still expanding. | 
| Reason (R): | The expansion of the universe caused the decrease in temperature. | 
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). | 
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). | 
| 3. | (A) is true, but (R) is false. | 
| 4. | (A) is false, but (R) is true. | 
| Assertion (A): | According to Darwin, fitness means reproductive fitness. | 
| Reason (R): | Those who are a better fit in the environment will leave more progenies. | 
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). | 
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). | 
| 3. | (A) is true, but (R) is false. | 
| 4. | (A) is false, but (R) is true. | 
| Assertion (A): | The new forms of life have arisen at different times in the history of the earth. | 
| Reason (R): | Studies showed that life forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological timespans. | 
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). | 
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). | 
| 3. | (A) is true, but (R) is false. | 
| 4. | (A) is false, but (R) is true. | 
| Assertion (A): | In convergent evolution, the same structure developed in animals along different directions due to adaptations to different needs. | 
| Reason (R): | Homologous structures have similar anatomy but perform different functions. | 
| 1. | Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). | 
| 2. | Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). | 
| 3. | (A) is true, but (R) is false. | 
| 4. | (A) is false, but (R) is true. |