| 1. | Darwin did not believe in the inheritance of acquired traits while Hugo de Vries did. | 
| 2. | Evolution for Darwin was gradual while Hugo de Vries believed mutation caused speciation. | 
| 3. | Evolution for Darwin was a stochastic process and for Hugo de Vries was a determinist process. | 
| 4. | Fitness for Darwin was reproductive fitness and for Hugo de Vries was physical fitness. | 
| 1. | Mammals only | 
| 2. | Mammals and Birds | 
| 3. | Dinosaurs, Crocodiles and Birds | 
| 4. | Turtles, Lizards, Snakes and Tuataras | 
| 1. | Carboniferous | 2. | Permian | 
| 3. | Triassic | 4. | Jurassic | 
| 1. | conducted a control experiment to disprove spontaneous generation | 
| 2. | proposed the concept of pangenesis as the physical basis of heredity | 
| 3. | disapproved the proposal of Ernst Haeckel [Biogenetic law] | 
| 4. | was one of the rediscoverers of Mendel’s laws | 
| 1. | Eye of a mammal and the eye of octopus | 
| 2. | Flipper of penguin and flipper of dolphin | 
| 3. | Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita | 
| 4. | Sweet potato and potato | 
| Column I | Column II | ||
| (a) | Adaptive radiation | (i) | Fast emergence of resistance in bacteria against antibiotics | 
| (b) | Convergent evolution | (ii) | Bones of forelimbs in Man and Whale | 
| (c) | Divergent evolution | (iii) | Wings of Butterfly and Bird | 
| (d) | Evolution by anthropogenic action | (iv) | Dispersion and diversification of Australian marsupials | 
| (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | |
| 1. | (ii) | (i) | (iv) | (iii) | 
| 2. | (i) | (iv) | (iii) | (ii) | 
| 3. | (iv) | (iii) | (ii) | (i) | 
| 4. | (iii) | (ii) | (i) | (iv) |