| 1. | Hoolock Gibbon | 2. | Orangutan | 
| 3. | Gorilla | 4. | Chimpanzee | 
| 1. | Darwin did not believe in the inheritance of acquired traits while Hugo de Vries did. | 
| 2. | Evolution for Darwin was gradual while Hugo de Vries believed mutation caused speciation. | 
| 3. | Evolution for Darwin was a stochastic process and for Hugo de Vries was a determinist process. | 
| 4. | Fitness for Darwin was reproductive fitness and for Hugo de Vries was physical fitness. | 
| 1. | Mammals only | 
| 2. | Mammals and Birds | 
| 3. | Dinosaurs, Crocodiles and Birds | 
| 4. | Turtles, Lizards, Snakes and Tuataras | 
| 1. | Carboniferous | 2. | Permian | 
| 3. | Triassic | 4. | Jurassic | 
| 1. | conducted a control experiment to disprove spontaneous generation | 
| 2. | proposed the concept of pangenesis as the physical basis of heredity | 
| 3. | disapproved the proposal of Ernst Haeckel [Biogenetic law] | 
| 4. | was one of the rediscoverers of Mendel’s laws |